New and biogeographically noteworthy records of Philippine mosses from Mindanao Island

Sixteen new records of Philippine mosses, namely, Acroporium ramicola, Atractylocarpus comosus, Campylopus flagelliferus, Ectropothecium ptychofolium, Fissidens guangdongensis, Garovaglia bauerlenii, Holomitrium stenobasis, Hypnodendron auricomum, Leucobryum boninense, Macromitrium archboldii, Meiotheciella papillosa, Neolindbergia cladomnioides, Rhynchostegiella vriesei, Schlotheimia emarginato-pilosa, Symphysodontella parvifolia and Trichosteleum singapurense are reported. Atractylocarpus and Meiotheciella are two new generic records for the country. Additional Mindanao records of five uncommon mosses in the Philippines, i.e., Claopodium assurgens, Cryptogonium phyllogonioides, Erpodium biseriatum, Meiothecium bogoriense fo tenuissima and Papillaria leuconeura, are also reported

Wafer bonding technologies for nano-, micro- and macro-system realization and integration

This paper is providing an overview about most common wafer bonding technologies used for the realization of nano-, micro,- and macro systems and for system integration. At first, the general aspects of wafer bonding applications are discussed. This is followed by the technological description of different wafer bonding processes, since for different bonding applications different processes are required related to process integration and the actual surface layers on the wafers which should be bonded. Finally, benefits and drawbacks as well as technology and application aspects are shown in an overview table, providing systematization and detailed comparison of the described bonding processes. This overview should help to choose the best suitable process for wafer level bonding and other applications

Response scales as frames of reference: the impact of frequency range on diagnostic judgments

In sozialwissenschaftlichen und psychologischen Untersuchungen werden Personen oft nach der Häufigkeit eines Verhaltens befragt, in dem eine Liste geeigneter Alternativen oder Antwortkategorien vorgelegt wird. Frühere Untersuchungen gingen dabei davon aus, daß der Befragte Vergleichsinformation aus dem vorgegebenen Antwortspektrum extrahiert, wobei unterstellt wurde, daß der Durchschnittsbefragte durch die mittleren Werte der Skala repräsentiert wird und deren Extremwerte die Extrempunkte der Verteilung repräsentieren. Ausgehend von dieser Untersuchungsweise zeigen die derzeitigen Studien, daß ein Antwortreport ebenso benutzt werden kann, um die Reichweite der vorkommenden Antwortalternativen auf einer Referenzskala zu messen, und die Implikationen dieses Antwortreports ausgewertet werden können. Das erste Experiment zeigt, daß sich hierdurch verschiedene Merkmale herausbildeten, die Rückschlüsse auf die Persönlichkeit der Befragten zuließen; in einem zweiten Experiment konnten Rückschlüsse auf den Grad des medizinischen Zustands der Befragten gezogen werden. Beide Experimente gingen von demselben Antwortreport aus und unterschieden nur den jeweiligen Rang auf der Antwortskala. Erfahrene Mediziner ebenso wie Studenten im ersten Ausbildungsjahr schätzten eine solche Antwortskala als von bedeutender Relevanz und Verwertbarkeit. Die Anwendungsmöglichen der Verwendung von solchen Antwortalternativen werden in der psychologischen Forschung sowie in der Diagnostik diskutiert. (HNÜbers.)'In social and psychological research, respondents are often asked to report the frequency of a behavior by checking the appropriate alternative from a list of response categories provided to them. Previous research indicated that respondents extract comparism information from the range of the response alternatives, assuming that the average respondent is represented by values in the middle range of the scale, and that the extremes of the scale represent the extremes of the distribution. Extending this line of research, the present studies demonstrate that the users of a respondent's report are also likely to use the range of the response alternatives as a frame of reference in evaluating the implications of the report. Specifically, subjects were found to draw different conclusions about the respondent's personality (Experiment 1), or the severity of his medical condition (Experiment 2), from the same absolute frequency report, depending upon the range of the response scale on which the frequency was checked. Moreover, experienced medical doctors were as likely to be influenced by scale range as first-year medical students, suggesting that the phenomenon is of considerable applied importance. Implications for the use of response alternatives in psychological research and diagnostic judgment are discussed.' (author's abstract

Comparing eye movements recorded by search coil and infrared eye tracking

Objective: The performance of a new video-based infrared eye tracker (IR) was compared to the magnetic search coil technique (SC). Since the IR offers interesting possibilities as a diagnostic tool in neuro-ophthalmology, it was investigated whether the new device has overcome shortcomings that were reported from former IR systems. Methods: Horizontal saccades were recorded using the IR and the SC. The IR allowed eye movement recordings at different sampling rates ranging from 250Hz to 1000Hz while the SC recorded at 1000Hz. Results/Conclusions: The results show that the IR and the SC were in good agreement and produced similar results. In contrast to other studies, the influence of the sampling rate of the IR was small. The saccade main-sequences did not show significant differences. The latency times observed for both systems were mainly in the short-latency rang

Gross karyotypic and phenotypic alterations among different progenies of the candida glabrata cbs138/atcc2001 reference strain

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

kluwer

Introduction Modern communication systems are very complex heterogeneous systems realizing world-wide video and audio communication and using different networks and protocols with a specified quality of service. Such communication systems consist of servers and clients. Especially clients are very different user devices, from powerful personal computers to small cellular phones. A client can communicate with other clients and servers, using services like live video conferences or it can store and can demand video and audio records (see also One of the main challenges for configuration and structuring of such a heterogeneous system is to guarantee the specified quality of service with a minimum of costs. The designer may meet the challenge by using his practical knowledge or by building up prototypes or by utilising formal methods such as performance analysis and simulation. Object Oriented System Simulation of Large Heterogeneous Communication Systems Uwe Hatnik, Jürgen Haufe, Peter Schwarz Fraunhofer Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen, Germany email: [email protected] Abstract Communication systems consist of many soft-and hardware components with a wide range of parameters which affect mainly the provided quality of service. One of the main challenges for configuration and structuring such a heterogeneous system is to guarantee the specified quality of service with a minimum of costs. In this paper, we introduce a simulation based approach which helps the designer to determine the best fitting parameter values. Our approach combines prototyping and simulation in a common environment. Servers Network (WAN, LAN) Clients 186 In this contribution, we introduce a simulation based analysis approach which combines the fore-mentioned analysing methods. In our approach both simulation models and real hardware and real software prototypes can be executed in a common environment. Results of the application of formal methods may be integrated into the simulation models, e.g. distribution functions, profiling results as well as measured values. The approach was driven by our experience that only a mix of different analysis methods which complement one another may bridge the analysis gap of such huge heterogeneous systems. The text is organized as follows. Section 2 details the analysis requirements of the system we focus on. Section 3 gives an overview of our modelling approach. Implementation aspects are described in section 4. Requirements in communication system design analysis Clients and servers of a communication system consist of software and hardware components like real-time and non real-time operation systems Parameter determination: A lot of parameters influence the system behaviour. One goal of the system simulation is to find optimal parameter values for a special configuration. Some parameters are specified by the service demand, for example the video resolution, the number of colours, the net bandwidth, and the used network protocol. Other parameters depend on the computer used, like CPU performance, memory size and so on. Additionally there are software parameters like buffer size and the used algorithm for data processing. There is a large amount of parameters and the optimal configuration is very system specific. Therefore the parameters can not determined completely analytically. Performance analysis: Since optimal system parameters can hardly be determined only analytically, simulation is also important for examining system performance depending on the hard-and software parameters. Configuration analysis: The configuration of a server or client depends on the demanded service and the client system. For example a specific data compressing algorithm is used depending on system parameters of the client like CPU performance and memory size. There are a lot of possible hard-and software combinations. It would be useful to determine what combination is suitable for a special service and configuration. Relationships between the components: There is a more or less tight correlation between the components of a configuration. For that reason, the system has to be treated as a whole. For example, swapping out parts of the software to hardware would decrease the load of the CPU, bu